The gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses infect birds, but some of them can also infect mammals 24. The alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses infect only mammals. This subfamily consists of four genera - Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus - on the basis of their phylogenetic relationships and genomic structures (Fig. Specifically, we emphasize the ecological distribution, genetic diversity, interspecies transmission and potential for pathogenesis of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) and MERS-related coronaviruses (MERSr-CoVs) found in bats, as this information can help prepare countermeasures against future spillover and pathogenic infections in humans with novel coronaviruses.Ĭoronaviruses are members of the subfamily Coronavirinae in the family Coronaviridae and the order Nidovirales (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses). In this Review, we focus on the origin and evolution of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Extensive studies of these two important coronaviruses have not only led to a better understanding of coronavirus biology but have also been driving coronavirus discovery in bats globally 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV were transmitted directly to humans from market civets and dromedary camels, respectively 12, 13, 14, and both viruses are thought to have originated in bats 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21.
SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor and primarily infects ciliated bronchial epithelial cells and type II pneumocytes 7, 8, whereas MERS-CoV uses dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4 also known as CD26) as a receptor and infects unciliated bronchial epithelial cells and type II pneumocytes 9, 10, 11.
Ten years after SARS, another highly pathogenic coronavirus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in Middle Eastern countries 6.
They were not considered to be highly pathogenic to humans until the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 20 in Guangdong province, China 2, 3, 4, 5, as the coronaviruses that circulated before that time in humans mostly caused mild infections in immunocompetent people. Coronaviruses cause respiratory and intestinal infections in animals and humans 1.
0 kommentar(er)
